Diego Ferro, a partner at the hedge fund Greylock Capital Management, loves to drive and looks forward to the day when he can drive how he wants when everyone else is riding in automatic cars. Hedge fund managers like him are facing a future in which their industry could be dominated by artificial intelligence competitors that are already yielding big returns. Dave Siegel, a computer scientist whose firm Two Sigma Investments is seeing its assets under management boom while yields are beating other...