FONTANA, Calif., 20 May 2016. Modern military and commercial gas turbine engines are subject to reduced durability, performance, and safety when significant amount of sand, dust, and volcanic ash are ingested into the engines. Prolonged sand and dust exposure of gas turbine engines leads to component degradation and ultimately engine failure. As of today, no commercial off-the-shelf particulate sensor is in use because of the special design and difficult requirements for operation and performance in this harsh environment, according to Dr. Hai Lin of Hal Technology in Fontana, California.